About Endoscopy Surgery

Endoscopy surgery, also known as minimally invasive or keyhole surgery, uses a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light (an endoscope) to view and operate inside the body through small incisions or natural openings. Compared to traditional open surgery, endoscopy offers several benefits, such as smaller incisions, reduced blood loss, quicker recovery, fewer side effects, and a lower risk of complications. This versatile procedure is used for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes by healthcare professionals.

Types of Endoscopy

• Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) Endoscopy: Examines the esophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine, often used to diagnose ulcers or inflammation.
• Colonoscopy: Inspects the large intestine and rectum to screen for colorectal cancer, polyps, and inflammation.
• Bronchoscopy: Checks the airways and lungs, useful for diagnosing lung diseases, infections, or tumors.
• Cystoscopy: Examines the bladder and urethra, aiding in the diagnosis of bladder issues, infections, or tumors.
• Arthroscopy: Used for examining and treating joint issues, such as in the knee, to assess damage or inflammation.
• Laparoscopy: Allows visualization of the abdominal cavity, commonly used for procedures like gallbladder removal or hernia repair.
• Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS): Combines endoscopy with ultrasound to capture images of the digestive tract and surrounding tissues, useful for detecting tumors.

Benefits of Endoscopy

• Minimally Invasive: Involves small incisions or natural body openings, leading to quicker recovery and less pain.
• Quick Diagnosis: Provides real-time visuals, allowing doctors to identify problems immediately.
• Treatment Options: Enables certain treatments, like removing polyps or stopping bleeding, within the same procedure.
• Reduced Recovery Time: Results in shorter hospital stays and faster recovery compared to open surgeries.
• Real-Time Visualization: Offers live imaging for accurate assessments of internal organs.

Risks of Endoscopy

• Infection: There is a low risk of infection at the insertion site.
• Bleeding: Certain procedures may cause bleeding, especially if tissue is removed.
• Perforation: In rare cases, a hole may accidentally form in an organ, potentially leading to serious complications.
• Sedation Risks: Sedation carries risks, particularly for those with respiratory or heart issues.
• Discomfort: Temporary bloating, cramping, or discomfort may occur after the procedure.
• Allergic Reactions: Some patients may experience allergic reactions to the sedatives or medications used.

Endoscopy Treatments

Endoscopy provides both diagnostic and therapeutic options, including visual inspection, biopsy of abnormal tissues, removal of tumors or polyps, management of gastrointestinal bleeding, dilation of strictures, and stent placement. The treatment approach depends on the condition identified during the procedure.

Procedure of Endoscopy Surgery

Before the Procedure:

• Consultation: Patients meet with the doctor to discuss the procedure, review medical history, and address any questions.
• Pre-Procedure Instructions:
  • Fasting: Required for many endoscopies (usually 6-12 hours prior) to ensure a clear view.
  • Medication Adjustments: Certain medications, especially blood thinners, may need to be paused.
  • Bowel Preparation: For procedures like a colonoscopy, patients may need to follow a special diet and take laxatives to cleanse the intestines.
  • Transportation Arrangements: Patients should arrange for a ride home, especially if sedation is involved.

During the Procedure:

• Arrival and Preparation: Patients check in and may need to change into a gown. An IV line is placed for sedation, and vital signs are monitored.
• Sedation: Sedation is administered to ensure patient comfort. The level of sedation varies depending on the procedure.
• Insertion of the Endoscope: The doctor inserts the endoscope through a designated entry point (e.g., mouth or anus), and real-time images are displayed on a monitor.
• Diagnostic and Therapeutic Actions: If necessary, the doctor may take biopsies, remove polyps, or perform other therapeutic actions.
• Duration: Most endoscopies last between 15-60 minutes, depending on the procedure’s complexity.

After the Procedure:

• Recovery: Patients are monitored in a recovery area until the sedation wears off, typically about 30 minutes to an hour.
• Post-Procedure Instructions:
  • Diet: Patients may start with clear liquids and gradually resume their regular diet.
  • Activity Restrictions: Avoid strenuous activities for a day or two, particularly if sedated.
  • Managing Discomfort: Mild bloating or cramping may occur, and over-the-counter pain relief may be recommended if needed.
• Follow-Up Care:
  • The doctor will discuss findings, any necessary treatments, and may schedule a follow-up appointment to discuss biopsy results or further management.
  • Emergency Signs: Patients should contact their healthcare provider if they experience severe pain, excessive bleeding, fever, or infection signs.